Hotspots of biogeochemical activity linked to aridity and plant traits across global drylands.

Perennial plants create productive and biodiverse hotspots, known as fertile islands, beneath their canopies. These hotspots largely determine the structure and functioning of drylands worldwide. Despite their ubiquity, the factors controlling fertile islands under conditions of contrasting grazing by livestock, the most prevalent land use in drylands, remain virtually unknown. Here we evaluated the relative importance of grazing pressure and herbivore type, climate and plant functional traits on 24 soil physical and chemical attributes that represent proxies of key ecosystem services related to decomposition, soil fertility, and soil and water conservation. To do this, we conducted a standardized global survey of 288 plots at 88 sites in 25 countries worldwide. We show that aridity and plant traits are the major factors associated with the magnitude of plant effects on fertile islands in grazed drylands worldwide. Grazing pressure had little influence on the capacity of plants to support fertile islands. Taller and wider shrubs and grasses supported stronger island effects. Stable and functional soils tended to be linked to species-rich sites with taller plants. Together, our findings dispel the notion that grazing pressure or herbivore type are linked to the formation or intensification of fertile islands in drylands. Rather, our study suggests that changes in aridity, and processes that alter island identity and therefore plant traits, will have marked effects on how perennial plants support and maintain the functioning of drylands in a more arid and grazed world.

The global biogeography and environmental drivers of fairy circles.

Fairy circles (FCs) are regular vegetation patterns found in drylands of Namibia and Western Australia. It is virtually unknown whether they are also present in other regions of the world and which environmental factors determine their distribution. We conducted a global systematic survey and found FC-like vegetation patterns in 263 sites from 15 countries and three continents, including the Sahel, Madagascar, and Middle-West Asia. FC-like vegetation patterns are found in environments characterized by a unique combination of soil (including low nutrient levels and high sand content) and climatic (arid regions with high temperatures and high precipitation seasonality) conditions. In addition to these factors, the presence of specific biological elements (termite nests) in certain regions also plays a role in the presence of these patterns. Furthermore, areas with FC-like vegetation patterns also showed more stable temporal productivity patterns than those of surrounding areas. Our study presents a global atlas of FCs and provides unique insights into the ecology and biogeography of these fascinating vegetation patterns.

Discovery of New 2-Phenylamino-3-acyl-1,4-naphthoquinones as Inhibitors of Cancer Cells Proliferation: Searching for Intra-Cellular Targets Playing a Role in Cancer Cells Survival.

A series of 2-phenylamino-3-acyl-1,4-naphtoquinones were evaluated regarding their in vitro antiproliferative activities using DU-145, MCF-7 and T24 cancer cells. Such activities were discussed in terms of molecular descriptors such as half-wave potentials, hydrophobicity and molar refractivity. Compounds 4 and 11 displayed the highest antiproliferative activity against the three cancer cells and were therefore further investigated. The in silico prediction of drug likeness, using pkCSM and SwissADME explorer online, shows that compound 11 is a suitable lead molecule to be developed. Moreover, the expressions of key genes were studied in DU-145 cancer cells. They include genes involved in apoptosis (Bcl-2), tumor metabolism regulation (mTOR), redox homeostasis (GSR), cell cycle regulation (CDC25A), cell cycle progression (TP53), epigenetic (HDAC4), cell-cell communication (CCN2) and inflammatory pathways (TNF). Compound 11 displays an interesting profile because among these genes, mTOR was significantly less expressed as compared to control conditions. Molecular docking shows that compound 11 has good affinity with mTOR, unraveling a potential inhibitory effect on this protein. Due to the key role of mTOR on tumor metabolism, we suggest that impaired DU-145 cells proliferation by compound 11 is caused by a reduced mTOR expression (less mTOR protein) and inhibitory activity on mTOR protein.

Implementing climate change projections in System Dynamics models.

Desertification is the degradation of drylands, which occupy an increasing proportion of the Earth's surface due to global warming. It is currently the most extensive biome on Earth, occupying 45% and one out of every three inhabitants of the planet live in them. One of the most effective ways to face desertification, as Land Degradation Neutrality points out, is prevention. For this purpose, simulation models are very useful tools. Specifically, System Dynamics models are particularly effective, since they allow bringing together the biophysical and socioeconomic variables involved in the formation of the problem. These integrative models, coupled with other tools such as sensitivity analyses, are used to generate desertification early warning indicators. The objective of this programming routine is to implement climate change scenarios in these simulation models. The script presented here was used to evaluate the sensitivity of dehesa rangelands productivity to the increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts due to climate change.•Integrated simulation models are useful tools to understand complex socioecosystems.•Land-use changes foster the alteration of key hydro-bio-geochemical processes.•By means of automated import processes and data analysis programming, it is possible to implement desertification early warning systems.

Feeding Ecology of the Cuvier's Gazelle (Gazella cuvieri, Ogilby, 1841) in the Sahara Desert.

Knowledge of the feeding ecology of ungulates in arid biomes offers an interesting model for understanding the drought resistance of large desert-adapted herbivores, a crucial issue in the face of increasing desertification due to climate change. To assess the feeding ecology of the endangered Cuvier's gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) in the Sahara desert, we used a multi-method approach combining faecal samples, direct observations, and the recording of indirect signs of feeding. We hypothesised that browser behaviour is the best foraging strategy for species living in hyper-arid environments, mainly due to long periods without grazing opportunities. Complementarily, we explored the effects of the main environmental descriptors (rainfalls and NDVI) on feeding patterns and diet quality. We found that Cuvier's diets are based mainly on acacias (Vachellia tortilis, V. flava) and occasionally on the annual forb Anastatica hierochuntica. In total, eighteen species (five trees, nine shrubs, three herbs, and one grass) belonging to fifteen families were recorded. Our result confirmed the browsers' characteristic of this species, reaffirming its ability to settle in a hostile environment. Acacias stand out as key species consumed at the southernmost limit of their range; hence, future conservation plans and strategies should take this into account for the survival of Cuvier's gazelle in desert environments.

Grazing and ecosystem service delivery in global drylands.

Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and species-poor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure.

Climate legacies drive the distribution and future restoration potential of dryland forests.

Knowing the extent and environmental drivers of forests is key to successfully restore degraded ecosystems, and to mitigate climate change and desertification impacts using tree planting. Water availability is the main limiting factor for the development of forests in drylands, yet the importance of groundwater resources and palaeoclimate as drivers of their current distribution has been neglected. Here we report that mid-Holocene climates and aquifer trends are key predictors of the distribution of dryland forests worldwide. We also updated the global extent of dryland forests to 1,283 million hectares and showed that failing to consider past climates and aquifers has resulted in ignoring or misplacing up to 130 million hectares of forests in drylands. Our findings highlight the importance of a wetter past and well-preserved aquifers to explain the current distribution of dryland forests, and can guide restoration actions by avoiding unsuitable areas for tree establishment in a drier world.

Antifungal Activity and In Silico Studies on 2-Acylated Benzo- and Naphthohydroquinones.

The high rates of morbidity and mortality due to fungal infections are associated with a limited antifungal arsenal and the high toxicity of drugs. Therefore, the identification of novel drug targets is challenging due to the several resemblances between fungal and human cells. Here, we report the in vitro antifungal evaluation of two acylphenols series, namely 2-acyl-1,4-benzo- and 2-acyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinones. The antifungal properties were assessed on diverse Candida and filamentous fungi strains through the halo of inhibition (HOI) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antifungal activities of 2-acyl-1,4-benzohydroquinone derivatives were higher than those of the 2-acyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone analogues. The evaluation indicates that 2-octanoylbenzohydroquinone 4 is the most active member of the 2-acylbenzohydroquinone series, with MIC values ranging from 2 to 16 µg/mL. In some fungal strains (i.e., Candida krusei and Rhizopus oryzae), such MIC values of compound 4 (2 and 4 µg/mL) were comparable to that obtained by amphotericin B (1 µg/mL). The compound 4 was evaluated for its antioxidant activity by means of FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, showing moderate activity as compared to standard antioxidants. Molecular docking studies of compound 4 and ADMET predictions make this compound a potential candidate for topical pharmacological use. The results obtained using the most active acylbenzohydroquinones are promising because some evaluated Candida strains are known to have decreased sensitivity to standard antifungal treatments.

Disparities Influencing Functional Outcomes Between Rural and Urban Patients With Acute Stroke.

Introduction: There is scarce information in Latin America about factors related to stroke patient outcomes in rural areas compared to urban ones. Objective: To evaluate functional outcomes of stroke code patients from rural and urban areas and their relationship with socioeconomic disparity. Methods: Prospective cohort study included patients of urban, semi-urban, and rural origin with stroke code from a high complexity hospital in southwestern Colombia between 2018 and 2019. Demographic, clinical data modified Rankin at discharge, and 3-month follow-up were analyzed. The poverty index, barriers to health access and availability of ambulances by the municipality was assessed at an ecological level. Results: Five hundred and fifty five stroke patients were registered, 21.2% from rural areas, 432 (77.98%) had an ischemic stroke. There were no significant differences in sociodemographic factors and medical background. Urban patients had lower reperfusion therapies rates (23.25%). Favorable mRS at discharge (<3) was higher in urban areas (63.03%) and mortality was superior in rural patients (13.56%). The ambulance rate in semi-urban and rural areas was as low as 0.03 per 100.000 inhabitants, the poverty index was 11.9% in urban areas vs. 23.3% in semi urban and rural areas. Conclusions: Rural patients treated in our center were more likely to present with severe strokes and unfavorable mRS at hospital discharge and 3-month follow-up compared to urban, despite having similar risk factors. There is an inverse relationship, which is not related to the poverty rate or the percentage of people with barriers to access to health. There is a need for further studies that assess barriers inherent in rural patients and establish a regional stroke network.

Mask R-CNN and OBIA Fusion Improves the Segmentation of Scattered Vegetation in Very High-Resolution Optical Sensors.

Vegetation generally appears scattered in drylands. Its structure, composition and spatial patterns are key controls of biotic interactions, water, and nutrient cycles. Applying segmentation methods to very high-resolution images for monitoring changes in vegetation cover can provide relevant information for dryland conservation ecology. For this reason, improving segmentation methods and understanding the effect of spatial resolution on segmentation results is key to improve dryland vegetation monitoring. We explored and analyzed the accuracy of Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN) and the fusion of both methods in the segmentation of scattered vegetation in a dryland ecosystem. As a case study, we mapped Ziziphus lotus, the dominant shrub of a habitat of conservation priority in one of the driest areas of Europe. Our results show for the first time that the fusion of the results from OBIA and Mask R-CNN increases the accuracy of the segmentation of scattered shrubs up to 25% compared to both methods separately. Hence, by fusing OBIA and Mask R-CNNs on very high-resolution images, the improved segmentation accuracy of vegetation mapping would lead to more precise and sensitive monitoring of changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services in drylands.

A dataset with complete geographic distributions of eight zonal monospecific forest types in mainland Spain.

Distribution area and surface are both parameters of paramount importance for habitat management, monitoring and conservation. Here we present the distribution of eight zonal forest types of mainland Spain that are consistent with the Habitat Types (HT) listed in Annex I of the European Union Habitats Directive 92/43 EC. Their dominant species and HT codes are Fagus sylvatica (9120, 9130 and 9150), Quercus robur and Q. pyrenaica (9230), Q. suber (9330), Pinus uncinata (9430), P. nigra ssp. salzmannii (9530) and P. pinea (subset of 9540). These distributions are based on tesserae from the 1:50,000 Spanish Forest Map and are the result of sorting assisted by supplementary databases. The distributions are presented as vector coverages, and provide three information levels of increasing detail: geographic distribution, basic forest type and structural forest patch. Two R scripts are also included with the dataset. They implement a segmented regression approach to investigate forest fragmentation on these or other patch-like data.

New 2-Acetyl-3-aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones: Synthesis and In Vitro Antiproliferative Activities on Breast and Prostate Human Cancer Cells.

The reaction of 2-acyl-1,4-naphthoquinones with N,N-dimethylaniline and 2,5-dimethoxyaniline, promoted by catalytic amounts of CeCl3·7H2O under "open-flask" conditions, produced a variety of 2-acyl-3-aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones structurally related to the cytotoxic 2-acetyl-3-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, an inhibitor of the heat shock chaperone protein Hsp90. The members of the 2-acyl-3-aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone series were isolated in good yields (63-98%). The cyclic voltammograms of the 2-acyl-3-aminophenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone exhibit two one-electron reduction waves to the corresponding radical-anion and dianion and two quasireversible oxidation peaks. The first and second half-wave potential values (E 1/2) of the members of the series are sensitive to the push-pull electronic effects of the substituents in the naphthoquinone scaffold. Furthermore, the in vitro antiproliferative properties of these new quinones were evaluated on two human cancer cells DU-145 (prostate) and MCF-7 (mammary) and a nontumorigenic HEK-293 (kidney) cell line, using the MTT colorimetric method. Two members, within the series, exhibited interesting cytotoxic activities on human prostate and mammary cancer cells.

Automatic Gait Phases Detection in Parkinson Disease: A Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic condition that can be diagnosed and monitored by evaluating changes in the gait and arm movement parameters. In the gait movement, each cycle consists of two phases: stance and swing. Using gait analysis techniques, it is possible to get spatiotemporal variables derived from both phases. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we compared two techniques: wavelet and peak detection. Previously, the wavelet technique was assessed for the gait phases detection, and peak detection was evaluated for arm swing analysis. These methods were evaluated using a low-cost RGB-D camera as data input source. This comparison could provide a unified and integrated method to analyze gait and arm swing signals. METHODS: Twenty-five PD patients and 25 age-matched, healthy subjects were included. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the continuous variables between groups. Hamming distances and Spearman rank correlation were used to evaluate the agreement between the signals and the spatiotemporal variables obtained by both methods. RESULTS: PD group showed significant reductions in speed (wavelet p = 0.001, peak detection p <0.001) and significantly greater swing (wavelet p = 0.003, peak detection p =0.005) and stance times (wavelet p = 0.003, peak detection p =0.004). Hamming distances showed small differences between the signals obtained by both methods (16 to 18 signal points). A very strong correlation (Spearman rho > 0.8, p <0.05) was found between the spatiotemporal variables obtained by each signal processing technique. CONCLUSION: Wavelet and peak detection techniques showed a high agreement in the signal obtained from gait data. The spatiotemporal variables obtained by both methods showed significant differences between the walking patterns of PD patients and healthy subjects. The peak detection technique can be used for integral motion analysis, providing the identification of the phases in the gait cycle, and arm swing parameters.Clinical Relevance- this establishes that peaks and wavelet techniques are comparable and may use it interchangeably to process signals from the gait of Parkinson's disease patients to support diagnosis and follow up made by a clinical expert.

Wristbands Containing Accelerometers for Objective Arm Swing Analysis in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

In patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), arm swing changes are common, even in the early stages, and these changes are usually evaluated subjectively by an expert. In this article, hypothesize that arm swing changes can be detected using a low-cost, cloud-based, wearable, sensor system that incorporates triaxial accelerometers. The aim of this work is to develop a low-cost, assistive diagnostic tool for use in quantifying the arm swing kinematics of patients with PD. Ten patients with PD and 11 age-matched, healthy subjects are included in the study. Four feature extraction techniques were applied: (i) Asymmetry estimation based on root mean square (RMS) differences between arm movements; (ii) posterior-anterior phase and cycle regularity through autocorrelation; (iii) tremor energy, established using Fourier transform analysis; and (iv) signal complexity through the fractal dimension by wavelet analysis. The PD group showed significant (p < 0.05) reductions in arm swing RMS values, higher arm swing asymmetry, higher anterior-posterior phase regularities, greater "high energy frequency" signals, and higher complexity in their XZ plane signals. Therefore, the novel, portable system provides a reliable means to support clinical practice in PD assessment.

Saturdays-in-Motion: Education and Empowerment through an Interdisciplinary Team Approach for Parkinson's Disease in Cali-Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders. The progression of PD produces an important disease burden in patients due to functional impairment, which also has repercussions on caregivers. In addition, it has become a challenge for health systems, especially in developing countries, which have limited resources. Multidisciplinary teams with a community approach have proved effective in high-income countries; however, there is no reported literature in low- and middle-income countries about this kind of initiative. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to document the experience of patients, caregivers, and experts in a community approach as an innovative model in a middle-income country. METHODS: A quantitative descriptive research was conducted. The selection criteria were having a PD diagnosis, attending with a caregiver to Saturdays in Motion (SIM), or being a clinical expert invited to SIM. PD patients and their caregivers answered three surveys on their points of view with respect to SIM: SIM and their quality of life (QoL) and PDQ-39 and Zarit, whereas clinical experts completed two questions related to the SIM program. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results of the surveys and clinical tests. RESULTS: Forty-eight, twenty-four, and twenty-one subjects answered surveys one, two, and three, respectively. In total, four clinical experts were interviewed. 87.9% of the patients consider that SIM activities improved their QoL. The most affected areas in PDQ-39 were those related to the social area. Around 66.6% of the caregivers reported a mild burden on Zarit and think that SIM enhances the PD patient's QoL. Clinical experts highlighted the sense of community and empathy. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experience shows a multidisciplinary model with a community approach which redefines the traditional relationship between patients, caregivers, and clinical experts. This aim of this initiative is that education and empowerment patients and caregivers reach a better perception of QoL.

In Vitro Inhibition of Hsp90 Protein by Benzothiazoloquinazolinequinones Is Enhanced in The Presence of Ascorbate. A Preliminary In Vivo Antiproliferative Study.

A series of benzo[g]benzothiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline-7,12-quinones were prepared from 2-acylnaphthohydroquinones and 2-aminobenzothiazoles and were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity. After screening using the MTT reduction assay, their IC50 values were calculated on a panel of cancer cells (T24, DU-145, MCF-7). Current standard anticancer drugs were included as control, and their calculated IC50 values were 7.8 and 23.5 µM for 5-fluorouracil and tamoxifen, respectively. Non-cancer cells (AG1523) were included to assess cancer cell sensitivity and drug selectivity. Four members of the series, with IC50 values from 0.11 to 2.98 µM, were chosen for further assays. The selected quinones were evaluated regarding their effects on cancer cell proliferation (clonogenic assay) and on Hsp90 and poly(ADPribose)polymerase (PARP) protein integrity. The most active compound (i.e., 15) substantially inhibited colony forming unit (CFU) formation at 0.25 µM. In the presence of ascorbate, it induced an oxidative cleavage of Hsp90 but had no effect on PARP protein integrity. In an in vivo animal model, it discreetly increased the mean survival time (m.s.t.) of tumor-bearing mice. In light of these results, compound 15 represents a potential lead-molecule to be further developed.

Exploring the economic, social and environmental prospects for commercial natural annual grasslands by performing a sensitivity analysis on a multidisciplinary integrated model.

This paper presents an integrated modelling study aimed at exploring the possible effects of drivers of change in commercial natural annual grasslands. We consider drivers as factors that affect the rangeland but are not affected by it. Thus, the stocking rate is not treated as a driver, but as an endogenous factor ultimately determined by drivers. This approach, which call for integrated multidisciplinary studies, is rare in the rangeland literature. We try to alleviate this lack by presenting and utilizing a novel multidisciplinary integrated system-dynamics model (108 equations) which represents an area of privately owned extensive farms, its farmers (their numbers and decisions), herds or flocks, herbage production, soil erosion and the linked local markets. By means of a global sensitivity analysis of this model we evaluated the sensitivities of key endogenous factors to the same percentage variation in 70 factors, including economic and climate drivers. The analysis considered the behaviours of 288,000 variants of the modelled system, each under a different 300-year driver scenario. We found that the environmental component of the model was almost exclusively sensitive to biophysical factors, whereas the socio-economic component was almost exclusively sensitive to socio-economic factors, despite the model takes account of key feedbacks connecting both components. Our results suggest that cautiously-managed commercial natural grasslands could socially and economically cope with climate change, especially in a scenario of rising prices of animal products, and also that, even though stocking rates would increase due to an increase in the demand for livestock products, the main threat to the provision of ecosystem services in the studied system would be climate change.

Green Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Mono- and Dimers Derived from Phenylaminoisoquinolinequinones.

In the search for new quinoid compounds endowed with potential anticancer activity, the synthesis of novel heterodimers containing the cytotoxic 7-phenylaminoisoquinolinequinone and 2-phenylaminonaphthoquinone pharmacophores, connected through methylene and ethylene spacers, is reported. The heterodimers were prepared from their respective isoquinoline and naphthoquinones and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl alkenes. The access to the target heterodimers and their corresponding monomers was performed both through oxidative amination reactions assisted by ultrasound and CeCl3·7H2O catalysis "in water". This eco-friendly procedure was successfully extended to the one-pot synthesis of homodimers derived from the 7-phenylaminoisoquinolinequinone pharmacophore. The electrochemical properties of the monomers and dimers were determined by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The number of electrons transferred during the oxidation process, associated to the redox potential EI1/2, was determined by controlled potential coulometry.